Evolutionary codependency: insights into the mitonuclear interaction landscape from experimental and wild Caenorhabditis nematodes.

Aided by new technologies, the upsurgence of research into mitochondrial genome biology during the past 15 years suggests that we have misunderstood, and perhaps dramatically underestimated, the ongoing biological and evolutionary significance of our long-time symbiotic partner. While we have begun to scratch the surface of several topics, many questions regarding the nature of mutation and selection in the mitochondrial genome, and the nature of its relationship to the nuclear genome, remain unanswered. Although best known for their contributions to studies of developmental and aging biology, Caenorhabditis nematodes are increasingly recognized as excellent model systems to advance understanding in these areas. We review recent discoveries with relevance to mitonuclear coevolution and conflict and offer several fertile areas for future work.

O florir da violeta: um estudo de caso em avaliação terapêutica / The flowering of violet: a case study in therapeutic assessment / La flor de la violeta: un estudio de caso en evaluación terapéutica

A Avaliação Terapêutica (AT) é um processo avaliativo e interventivo proposto para ser semiestruturado e colaborativo com o objetivo de promover mudanças positivas no cliente, que é convidado a ter uma participação ativa durante o processo. Na AT, os resultados dos testes psicológicos padronizados ganham destaque como facilitadores do processo de autoconhecimento do cliente. Desse modo, usualmente, integram-se os achados de testes psicológicos de autorrelato com os métodos projetivos para gerar informações que possam ampliar a visão que o cliente tem de si. Neste artigo, buscou-se compreender o potencial de uso dos testes psicológicos e da relação colaborativa a partir de um caso atendido na perspectiva da AT. A participante, Violeta (nome fictício), foi atendida em 10 sessões com duração entre 60 e 115 minutos. Foram utilizados os testes psicológicos Escala de Bem-Estar Psicológico (Ebep), Escala de Vulnerabilidade e Estresse no Trabalho (Event), Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade (BFP), Método de Rorschach e Inventários de Habilidades Sociais 2 (IHS-2). Observou-se que, durante o processo, Violeta ampliou sua autopercepção, o que possibilitou mudanças no modo de agir em seus relacionamentos amorosos e na reflexão sobre como sua postura era vista por si e por seus colegas de trabalho. Acredita-se que a AT cumpriu com o objetivo de estabelecer uma experiência terapêutica que possibilitasse mudanças positivas para a cliente. Este estudo de caso contribuiu para ampliar a compreensão sobre a importância e o uso dos testes psicológicos neste modelo de avaliação psicológica.(AU)

The Therapeutic Assessment (TA) is an evaluative and interventional process proposed to be semi-structured and collaborative with the objective of promoting positive changes in the client, who is invited to have an active participation during the process. At the TA, the results of standardized psychological tests are highlighted as facilitators of the client's self-knowledge process. In this way, the findings of psychological self-report tests are usually integrated with projective methods to generate information that can broaden the client's view of themselves. In this article, understanding the potential use of psychological tests and of the collaborative relationship from a case treated from the TA perspective was sought. The participant, Violet (fictitious name), was assisted in 10 sessions lasting between 60 and 115 minutes. The psychological tests Psychological Well-Being Scale (EBEP), Vulnerability and Stress at Work Scale (EVENT), Personality Factorial Battery (BFP), Rorschach Method and Social Skills Inventories 2 (IHS-2) were used. It was observed that, during the process, Violet increased her self-perception, which allowed changes in her way of acting in her love life and in her reflection on how her posture was seen by herself and herco-workers. It is believed that TA fulfilled the objective of establishing a therapeutic experience that would enable positive changes for the client. This case study contributed to broaden the understanding about the importance and use of psychological testing in this psychological assessment model.(AU)

La Evaluación Terapéutica (ET) es un proceso de evaluación e intervención que se propone ser semiestructurado y colaborativo, con el objetivo de lograr cambios positivos en el cliente, quien es invitado a tener participación activa durante el proceso. En la ET se destacan los resultados de las pruebas psicológicas estandarizadas como facilitadoras del proceso de autoconocimiento del cliente. Los hallazgos de las pruebas psicológicas de autoinforme suelen integrarse con métodos proyectivos para generar información que pueda ampliar la visión que el cliente tiene de sí mismo. En este artículo se buscó comprender el uso potencial de las pruebas psicológicas y de la relación colaborativa a partir de un estudio de caso tratado desde la perspectiva de la ET. Atendieron a la participante Violeta (nombre ficticio), en 10 sesiones que duraron entre 60 y 115 minutos. Se utilizaron las pruebas psicológicas Escala de Bienestar Psicológico (EBEP), Escala de Vulnerabilidad y Estrés en el Trabajo (EVENT), Batería de Factorial de la Personalidad (BFP), Método de Rorschach e Inventario de Habilidades Sociales 2 (IHS-dos). Se observó que, durante el proceso, Violeta amplió su autopercepción, lo que permitió cambios en la forma de actuar en sus relaciones amorosas y en el reflejo de como ella y sus compañeros de trabajo veían su postura. Así, se cree que ET ha cumplido el objetivo de establecer una experiencia terapéutica que permitió cambios positivos a la cliente. Este estudio contribuyó a ampliar la comprensión sobre la importancia y el uso de las pruebas psicológicas en este modelo de evaluación psicológica.(AU)

Psicologia, Conselho Federal de Psicologia e covid-19: enfrentamento às desigualdades psicossociais no Brasil / Psychology, FCP, and covid-19: facing the psychosocial inequalities in Brazil / Psicología, Consejo Federal de Psicología y covid-19: enfrentando las desigualdades psicosociales en Brasil

A pandemia da covid-19 impôs transformações no cotidiano mundial, em âmbito micro e macroestrutural. Seu impacto psicológico desestabiliza e evidencia desigualdades e vulnerabilidades psicossociais brasileiras. Configura-se como um estudo de perspectiva crítica, com base na Psicologia Sócio-histórica, com o objetivo de mapear os posicionamentos da Psicologia, vindos de diferentes campos, diante das ações de saúde mental. Para tanto, utiliza-se o site do Conselho Federal de Psicologia para a análise de 62 documentos, que resultaram em dois eixos de produção crítica: 1) a relação da Psicologia com o Conselho Federal de Psicologia; e 2) da Psicologia com a sociedade. Revela-se o abismo social entre segmentos da sociedade brasileira; formas de exclusão da população carcerária; violência doméstica contra as mulheres e as crianças; dificuldades de acesso a estratégias sociais, na educação e na saúde, e de superação dos impasses acirrados com a infecção global pelo novo coronavírus. Conclui-se que a diversidade de públicos, temáticas, áreas de atuação e referenciais teóricos materializa um compromisso crítico e científico da Psicologia.(AU)

The COVID-19 pandemic imposed transformations in the world daily life, at the micro and macrostructural levels. Its psychological impact destabilizes and highlights Brazilian inequalities and psychosocial vulnerabilities. This is a critical perspective study, based in socio-historical Psychology, aiming to map the positions of Psychology, from different fields, in the face of mental health actions. To this end, the Federal Council of Psychology website is utilized to analyze 62 documents, which resulted in two axes of critical production: 1) the relation between Psychology and the Federal Council of Psychology; and 2) Psychology with society. They reveal the social gap between segments of Brazilian society; ways of excluding prison po7pulation; domestic violence against women and children; and difficulties in accessing social strategies, in education and health, and in overcoming impasses aggravated by the global infection by the new coronavirus. In conclusion, the diversity of public, themes, areas of professional performance, and theoretical references materialize Psychology's critical and scientific commitment.(AU)

La pandemia del COVID-19 provocó transformaciones globales en lo cotidiano a nivel micro y macroestructural. Su impacto psicológico desestabiliza y destaca las desigualdades y vulnerabilidades psicosociales en Brasil. Esta es una investigación en la perspectiva crítica, basada en la psicología sociohistórica, con el objetivo de mapear las posiciones de la Psicología, procedentes de diferentes campos, frente a las acciones de salud mental. Para este fin, se utiliza el sitio web del Consejo Federal de Psicología para el análisis de 62 documentos, lo que resultó en dos ejes de producción crítica: 1) la relación de la Psicología con el Consejo Federal de Psicología; y 2) de la Psicología con la sociedad. Se revelan la brecha social entre los segmentos de la sociedad brasileña; las formas de exclusión de la población carcelaria; la violencia doméstica contra las mujeres y los niños; y las dificultades para acceder a las estrategias sociales, en la educación y la salud, para superar los impasses agravados por la infección global por el nuevo coronavirus. Se concluye que la diversidad de públicos, temáticas, áreas de actividad y referentes teóricos materializa un compromiso crítico y científico de la Psicología.(AU)

Resolução de conflitos familiares por adolescentes e defesa do domínio pessoal / Adolescents' family conflict resolution and defense of personal domain / Resolución de conflictos familiares por adolescentes y defensa del dominio personal

Compreender as estratégias de resolução de conflitos utilizadas por adolescentes na relação com seus pais é fundamental para entender como ocorre seu desenvolvimento saudável. Este artigo investigou a resolução de conflitos de adolescentes em situações de confronto entre o seu domínio pessoal e o controle parental. 36 adolescentes com idades entre 15 e 17 anos, divididos igualmente conforme o sexo, responderam a uma entrevista semiestruturada, que continha quatro situações de conflito hipotéticas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo semântica e a testes não paramétricos. Os resultados foram categorizados em sete estratégias: Assunção de culpa, Submissão, Mentira, Hostilidade, Diálogo/Explicação, Negociação e Outra. A forma predominante de resolução utilizada foi o Diálogo/Explicação, considerada como uma forma recorrente de defender o domínio pessoal. Foram encontradas diferenças em relação ao sexo dos participantes e à situação hipotética. Por fim, os resultados são discutidos em termos de grau de autonomia e tipo de defesa do domínio pessoal.(AU)

Understanding the conflict resolution strategies used by adolescents in their relationship with their parents is fundamental to understanding how their healthy development occurs. This article investigated the resolution of conflicts by adolescents in confrontation situations between their personal domain and parental control. A total of 36 adolescents, aged 15 to 17 years, divided equally according to sex, answered a semi-structured interview that contained four hypothetical conflict situations. Data were subjected to semantic content analysis and non-parametric tests. The results were categorized into seven strategies: Assumption of Guilt, Submission, Lie, Hostility, Dialogue/Explanation, Negotiation, and Other. The predominant form of resolution used was Dialogue/Explanation, considered a recurrent form of defense of the personal domain. Differences were found depending on the participants' gender and the hypothetical situation. Finally, the results are discussed regarding the degree of autonomy and type of defense of the personal domain.(AU)

Enterarse de las estrategias de resolución de conflictos que los adolescentes utilizan en la relación con sus padres es fundamental para comprender cómo ocurre el desarrollo saludable de los adolescentes. A partir de una entrevista semiestructurada, presentamos cuatro situaciones hipotéticas de conflicto que fueron analizadas y respondidas por 36 adolescentes de entre 15 y 17 años, divididos según el género. Los datos se sometieron a un análisis de contenido semántico y a pruebas no paramétricas. Los resultados se categorizaron en siete estrategias de resolución de conflictos: Asunción de culpa, Sumisión, Mentira, Hostilidad, Diálogo/Explicación, Negociación y Otros. La forma de resolución más utilizada fue Diálogo/Explicación, y esta categoría fue una forma de defensa del dominio personal. Asimismo, se encontraron diferencias en función del género de los participantes y conforme la situación hipotética. Los resultados se discuten en términos de grado de autonomía y tipo de defensa del dominio personal.(AU)

Falsa acusação de abuso sexual na alienação parental: luto ou melancolia? / False accusation of sexual abuse in parental alienation: mourning or melancholia? / Falsa acusación de abuso sexual en la alienación parental: ¿luto o melancolía?

Este artigo apresenta como principal objeto de estudo a falsa acusação de abuso sexual no contexto da alienação parental para, diante dela, estabelecer a seguinte problemática: será possível propor uma eventual correlação entre si e os processos psíquicos do luto e da melancolia? Neste sentido, a partir do recurso teórico ao referencial psicanalítico de Freud e de Laplanche, debate as circunstâncias que norteiam o discurso levado ao Judiciário pelo genitor alienante valorizando em tal movimento não apenas a realidade material da prova, tão importante no campo jurídico, mas também a realidade psíquica ditada pelo inconsciente, a qual se pauta em uma noção de verdade que, na sua vinculação direta com a particularidade de cada sujeito e com o dinamismo das relações específicas que ele estabelece consigo mesmo e com os outros, coloca em xeque as certezas positivistas da norma. Em termos conclusivos, destaca o quanto, a despeito da atual literatura existente sobre alienação parental no Brasil a correlacionar, em regra, a um luto mal elaborado por parte do alienante, é possível e mesmo desejável cogitar também a presença da melancolia - ou, mais especificamente, de traços melancólicos intermediários - na formação e desenvolvimento desse fenômeno.(AU)

This article presents as the main object of study the false accusation of sexual abuse in the context of parental alienation, to establish the following problem: would it be possible to propose a probable correlation between parental alienation and the psychic processes of mourning and melancholia? In this sense, based on the psychoanalytic theoretical framework of Freud and Laplanche, the article discusses the circumstances that guide the discourse taken to the judiciary branch by the alienating parent, valuing in such action not only the material reality of the evidence, which is very important in the legal field, but also the psychic reality dictated by the unconscious, which is guided by a notion of truth that, in its direct connection with the particularity of each subject and with the dynamism of the specific relations that they establish with themselves and others, threatens the positivist certainties of the norm. In conclusive terms, it highlights how, despite the current existing literature on parental alienation in Brazil generally correlates it to a poorly elaborated mourning by the alienating person, it is possible and even desirable to also consider the presence of melancholia-or, more specifically, of intermediate melancholic traits-in the formation and development of this phenomenon.(AU)

Este artículo presenta como principal objeto de estudio la falsa acusación de abuso sexual en el contexto de alienación parental, con el fin de responder al siguiente planteamiento: ¿Es posible proponer una posible correlación entre la alienación parental y los procesos psíquicos de duelo y melancolía? Para ello, desde el marco psicoanalítico de Freud y de Laplanche, se discuten las circunstancias del discurso llevado al Poder Judicial por el padre alienante, que valora en tal movimiento no solo la realidad material de la prueba, tan importante en el campo jurídico, sino también la realidad psíquica dictada por el inconsciente, el cual se guía por una noción de verdad que, en su conexión directa con la particularidad de cada sujeto y con el dinamismo de las relaciones específicas que establece consigo mismo y con otros, pone en jaque las certezas positivistas de la norma. En la conclusión, destaca cómo, a pesar de la literatura actual existente sobre la alienación parental en Brasil, en general, la correlaciona con un duelo mal diseñado por parte de la persona alienante, es posible e incluso deseable considerar la presencia de la melancolía -más específicamente, de rasgos melancólicos intermediarios- en la formación y desarrollo de este fenómeno.(AU)

¿Son las competencias emocionales mediadoras entre el apego y la satisfacción con la relación de pareja en la juventud? / Are emotional competencies mediating between attachment and relationship satisfaction in youth?

El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la relación entre el apego y lasatisfacción con la relación de pareja, considerando el papel mediador de lascompetencias emocionales, y controlando la influencia del género, la edad y laduración de la relación. En el estudio participaron 265 jóvenes españoles (59,2%mujeres) de entre 18 y 36 años con pareja. Los resultados más relevantes indicanque el estilo evitativo alejado presenta una menor satisfacción en la relación. Juntocon el estilo temeroso son los que tienen las habilidades emocionales más pobres.La ansiedad y la evitación del apego se relacionan negativamente con la satisfacciónen la relación, siendo mediadas por la regulación emocional. Se discute laimportancia de desarrollar programas de educación emocional en los jóvenes comoforma de mitigar el efecto de un estilo de apego inseguro. (AU)

The aim of this paper is to study the relationship between attachment andsatisfaction with the partner relationship, considering the mediating role ofemotional competences, and taking into account the influence of gender, age, andduration of the relationship. 265 Spanish youths (59.2% women) between 18 and36 years of age with a current partner participated in the study. The most relevantresults indicate that subjects with a dismissive avoidant style show less relationshipsatisfaction. Along with the fearful style, they are the ones with the poorestemotional skills. Attachment anxiety and avoidance are negatively related torelationship satisfaction, being mediated by emotional regulation. The importanceof developing emotional education programs in youths as a way of mitigating theeffect an insecure attachment style is discussed. (AU)

Adolescência, co-dependência e apego parental: correlações e considerações / Adolescence, co-dependence, and parental attachment: correlations and considerations

Co-dependência é um conceito relacionado a dificuldades emocionais e comportamentais de familiares de dependentes de substâncias psicoativas, porém envolvendo outros contextos não diretamente associados a essa dependência. Participaram do estudo 30 adolescentes, filhos de pais dependentes, de um município paulista. Com o uso das escalas Spann Fischer e EMBU e, por meio do teste de correlação de Pearson, foi constatada significativa correlação entre o grau de co-dependência e os estilos de vinculação parental, em especial, de superproteção e de rejeição. Compreende-se a co-dependência como um fenômeno multivariado que pode estar também associado ao tipo de vínculo estabelecido com os pais ou cuidadores.

Codependence of individuals in the Nephromyces species swarm requires heterospecific bacterial endosymbionts.

Symbiosis is one of the most important evolutionary processes shaping the biodiversity on Earth. Symbiotic associations often bring together organisms from different domains of life, which can provide an unparalleled route to evolutionary innovation.1-4 The phylum Apicomplexa encompasses 6,000 ubiquitous animal parasites; however, species in the recently described apicomplexan family, Nephromycidae, are reportedly non-virulent.5,6 The members of the genus Nephromyces live within a specialized organ of tunicates, called the renal sac, in which they use concentrated uric acid as a primary nitrogen source.7,8 Here, we report genomic and transcriptomic data from the diverse genus Nephromyces, as well as the three bacterial symbionts that live within this species complex. We show that the diversity of Nephromyces is unexpectedly high within each renal sac, with as many as 20 different species inhabiting the renal sacs in wild populations. The many species of Nephromyces can host three different types of bacterial endosymbionts; however, FISH microscopy allowed us to demonstrate that each individual Nephromyces cell hosts only a single bacterial type. Through the reconstruction and analyses of the endosymbiont bacterial genomes, we infer that each bacterial type supplies its host with different metabolites. No individual species of Nephromyces, in combination with its endosymbiont, can produce a complete set of essential amino acids, and culture experiments demonstrate that individual Nephromyces species cannot form a viable infection. Therefore, we hypothesize that Nephromyces spp. depend on co-infection with congeners containing different bacterial symbionts in order to exchange metabolites to meet their needs.

La intolerancia a la incertidumbre, la tendencia a experimentar preocupaciones y el pesimismo como factores intervinientes en la relación entre la dependencia emocional y la violencia / Intolerance to uncertainty, the tendency to experience worry and pessimism as factors in the relationship between emotional dependence and violence

Las personas con dependencia emocional presentan preocupaciones constantes sobre el posible abandono o traición por parte de la pareja. De esta forma, ponen en marcha un gran abanico de estrategias retentivas dirigidas a cubrir la gran necesidad de controlar la relación. Además, sienten insatisfacción y frustración en la relación ya que sienten que nunca conseguirán lo que quieren o esperan de ella. Por esto, los objetivos del estudio se dirigen a analizar la posible relación entre la dependencia emocional, la intolerancia a la incertidumbre, la tendencia a las preocupaciones y el pesimismo. Asimismo, se comprueba el papel mediador de estos factores en la relación entre la dependencia emocional y la permanencia en relaciones de pareja violentas debido a la elevada prevalencia de darse conjuntamente en una misma relación. Participaron 258 personas, 77.1% mujeres y 22.9% hombres con edades que oscilaron entre los 18 y 67 años (M = 32.63; DT = 11.66). Los resultados reflejaron relaciones positivas entre la dependencia emocional, la intolerancia a la incertidumbre, la tendencia a las preocupaciones y el pesimismo. Igualmente, se comprueba que la dependencia emocional conduce a la permanencia en relaciones violentas a través de los factores mencionados.(AU)

People with emotional dependence present constant concerns about possible abandonment or betrayal by their partner. In this way, they implement a wide range of retention strategies aimed at covering the great need for control in the relationship. In addition, they feel dissatisfaction and frustration in the relationship since they feel they will never get what they want or expect from it. Therefore, the objectives of the study are aimed at analyzing the possible relationship between emotional dependence, intolerance to uncertainty, tendency to worry and pessimism. Also, the mediating role of these factors in the relationship between emotional dependence and permanence in violent relationships is verified due to the high prevalence of occurring jointly in the same relationship. A total of 258 people participated, 77.1% women and 22.9% men with ages ranging from 18 to 67 (M= 32.63; SD= 11.66). The results reflected positive relationships between emotional dependence, intolerance to uncertainty, tendency to worry andpessimism. Likewise, it is proven that emotional dependence leads to permanence in violent relationships through the factors mentioned.(AU)

Childhood abuse, neglect, codependency, and affecting factors in nursing and child development students.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to determine the relationship of neglect and abuse behaviors experienced by nursing and child development students during their childhood with codependency, and the factors affecting codependency. DESIGN AND METHODS: This is a descriptive and correlational study. The study was conducted with 292 students who were studying at a Faculty of Health Sciences. FINDINGS: A positive relationship was found between neglect and abuse behaviors that lead to trauma in childhood, and codependency. It was determined that there was a negative relationship between students' codependency and childhood traumatic experiences and their levels of self-esteem, depression and coping with stress. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: In the educational processes, it is possible to focus on students' unresolved problems with their families, and the signs of codependency.

Dependencia afectiva y violencia intrafamiliar en una población de Chimborazo-Ecuador / Affective dependence and domestic violence in a population of Chimborazo Ecuador

INTRODUCCIÓN. En Ecuador, se han detectado altos niveles de violencia y ependencia afectiva en mujeres que residen en la zona urbana. Los estudios realizados son pocos, en relación con el incremento de esta problemática. OBJETIVO. Establecer la asociación entre variables categóricas de dependencia emocional y tipo de violencia intrafamiliar. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio no experimental correlacional. Población y muestra conocida de 60 mujeres que declararon haber experimentado alguna forma de violencia por parte de su pareja, atendidas en el Centro de Salud Santa Rosa de Riobamba en el año 2019. Los instrumentos aplicados fueron: Cuestionario de Dependencia Emocional que evalúa: ansiedad por separación, expresión afectiva de la pareja, modificación de planes, miedo a la soledad, expresión límite, búsqueda de atención; y la escala de violencia intrafamiliar VIFJ4 que evalúa: violencia física, psicológica, sexual, social, patrimonial, de género y el nivel de severidad. Se realizó el análisis en el programa estadístico International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, versión 25. RESULTADOS. Mujeres con relaciones de pareja formales 83,3%; con nivel escolar de secundaria 68,3%; y con nivel socioeconómico medio 70,0%. Nivel de dependencia elevado 68,3%. La media de los factores inherentes a la dependencia emocional permitieron establecer a la mayoría en la categoría ligeramente más verdadero que falso, con excepción del denominado miedo a la soledad, en el que predominó, completamente falso de mí. CONCLUSIÓN. Se estableció una relación significativa entre factores de dependencia afectiva y violencia intrafamiliar, excepto en el caso de los factores ansiedad por separación y dependencia expresión afectiva pareja.

INTRODUCTION. In Ecuador, high levels of violence and emotional dependence have been detected in women living in urban areas. Few studies have been carried out in relation to the increase of this problem. OBJECTIVE. To establish the association between categorical variables of emotional dependence and type of domestic violence. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Non-experimental correlational study. Population and known sample of 60 women who reported having experienced some form of violence by their partner, attended at the Santa Rosa de Riobamba Health Center in 2019. The instruments applied were: Emotional Dependence Questionnaire that evaluates: separation anxiety, affective expression of the partner, modification of plans, fear of loneliness, borderline expression, attention seeking; and the VIFJ4 intrafamily violence scale that evaluates: physical, psychological, sexual, social, patrimonial, gender violence and the level of severity. The analysis was carried out using the statistical program International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 25. Women with formal relationships 83,3%; with secondary school level 68,3%; and with medium socioeconomic level 70,0%. High level of dependency 68,3%. The mean of the factors inherent to emotional dependence allowed to establish the majority in the category slightly more true than false, with the exception of the so-called fear of loneliness, in which it predominated, completely false of me. CONCLUSION. A significant relationship was established between factors of affective dependence and intrafamilial violence, except in the case of the factors separation anxiety and partner affective expression dependence.

Co-dependency of exchanged behaviors is a cue for agency attribution in 10-month-olds.

Goal-directed social interactions (whether instrumental or communicative) involve co-dependent, partially predictable actions of interacting agents as social goals cannot be achieved by continuously exchanging the same, perfectly predictable, or completely random behaviors. We investigated whether 10-month-olds are sensitive to the co-dependence and degree of predictability in an interactive context where unfamiliar entities exchanged either perfectly predictable (identical), partially predictable (co-dependent), or non-predictable (random) signal sequences. We found that when-following the interactive exchanges-one of the entities turned in the direction of one of two lateral target objects, infants looked more at the indicated referent, but only in the partially predictable signals condition. This shows that infants attributed agency to the orienting entity and interpreted its turning action as a referential object-directed action. The present findings suggest that the co-dependency and partial predictability of exchanged behaviors can serve as an abstract structural cue to attribute intentional agency and recognize goal-directed social interactions.

Solidão e desamparo - cogitações / Loneliness and abandonment - cogitations / Soledad y abandono - cogitaciones

O autor faz uma introdução sobre os conceitos de solidão, de desamparo e sobre a relação entre ambos. O tema do desamparo é específico da psicanálise e importante para a compreensão dos espaços psíquicos - intra, inter e transsubjetivos. Discorre sobre o vínculo L, do Amor. O amor dirigido para o outro e sua diversidade nos coloca em situação de incerteza e fragilidade. Quando o outro não corresponde, e perdemos o objeto amado ficamos mais infelizes. São apresentadas correlações com a imprevisibilidade e a incerteza, o acaso e o inesperado, que são tão comuns, assim como a pretensão de ter sempre razão. Alguns fragmento são apresentados, sejam de terapia de casal ou de grupoterapia. O autor faz diversas cogitações, como sobre o pensar bioniano, os fracassos da comunicação e sua relação com o desamparo, concluindo que é terrível não aceitar a realidade interna impossível de realização, assim como a realidade externa, e não conviver de modo amistoso com a experiência emocional decorrente.

The author makes an introduction about the concepts of loneliness, abandonment and the relationship between them. The theme of dereliction is specific to psychoanalysis and important to the comprehension of psychic spaces - Intra, inter and transsubjective. It discusses the link L, of love. Love directed towards the other and its diversity puts us in a situation of uncertainty and fragility. When the other doesn't match it, and we lose the beloved object, we become unhappier. Correlations are presented with the unpredictability and uncertainty, the chance and the unexpected, which are so common, as well as the pretension to always be right. Some fragments are presented, whether they are double therapy or group therapy. The author makes several cogitations, as on the Bionian thinking, the failures of communication and its relationship with abandonment, concluding that it is terrible not to accept the internal reality which is impossible to accomplish, as well as the external reality, and not to live in a friendly manner with the resulting emotional experience.

El autor hace una introducción sobre los conceptos de soledad, abandono y la relación entre ellos. El tema del abandono es específico del psicoanálisis es importante para la comprensión de los espacios psíquicos - Intra, inter y transubjetivo. Habla del vínculo L, del amor. El amor dirigido hacia el otro y su diversidad nos pone en una situación de incertidumbre y fragilidad. Cuando el otro no coincide, y perdemos el objeto amado nos volvemos más infelices. Las correlaciones se presentan con la imprevisibilidad y la incertidumbre, la oportunidad y lo inesperado, que son tan comunes, así como la pretensión de tener siempre razón. Se presentan algunos fragmentos, ya sea de terapia De pareja o terapia de grupo. El autor hace varias cogitaciones, como en el pensamiento bioniano, los fracasos de la comunicación y su relación con el abandono, concluyendo que es terrible no aceptar la realidad interna imposible de lograr, así como la realidad externa, y no vivir de una manera amistosa con la experiencia emocional resultante.

Health personnel, family relationships and codependency of psychoactive substances: a phenomenological approach.

OBJECTIVES: to reflect on the daily life of family members dependent on psychoactive substances and the role of health professionals in Primary Care. METHODS: a descriptive investigation outlined in Maffesoli's phenomenological approach, carried out at a Basic Health Unit in Minas Gerais with eight family members dependent on psychoactive substances. Sociodemographic characterization data and in-depth interviews were collected and analyzed with support of NVivo Pro11® software. All ethical and legal aspects were met. RESULTS: physicians were the professionals most mentioned in participants' statements, who took on a dubious role with other health professionals: welcoming (positive perceptions about care received) and neglect (negative perceptions). FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: dependence on psychoactive substances imposes a burden on persons, their family members and health professionals. The role of establishing good relationships in the triad professionals-users-family members of primary care is inseparable in favor of treatment and preservation of their mental health.

Memória de filhos em convivência familiar com pais alcoolistas / Memory of children living with alcoholic parents / Memoria de niños en familia con padres alcohólicos

Objetivo: apreender, nas lembranças de filhos em história de vida, o sentido e o significado da convivência familiar com pais alcoolistas. Método: trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, descritivo, exploratório, com ênfase na História Oral de Vida, realizado com cinco filhos de pais alcoolistas por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Analisaram-se os dados pela Análise de Conteúdo. Resultados: percebeu-se que o adoecimento é concomitante, dos pais em virtude do uso abusivo do álcool e dos filhos que estão em convivência com ele e vivenciaram situações de conflitos e violência. Descreveram-se, ainda, os sentimentos ambíguos desenvolvidos pelos filhos a partir da relação com o pai, como vergonha, medo, estresse, angústia, mas, na fase adulta, houve a ressignificação da convivência no cuidado com o pai por meio da identificação dos sentimentos de tolerância e respeito. Conclusão: identificou-se que a reabilitação psicossocial dos filhos possibilitou a ressignificação da relação com o pai. Aponta-se para a importância de os profissionais de saúde estabelecerem estratégias de cuidado aos alcoolistas e aos filhos, que são cuidadores e vivenciam situações de codependência e sofrimentos emocionais na relação com o familiar alcoolista.(AU)

Objective: to learn, in the memories of children in their life history, the meaning and significance of family life with alcoholic parents. Method: this is a qualitative, descriptive, exploratory study, with emphasis on Oral History of Life, carried out with five children of alcoholic parents through semi-structured interviews. The data was analyzed through Content Analysis. Results: it was noticed that the illness is concomitant, of the parents due to the abusive use of alcohol and of the children who are in coexistence with it and have experienced situations of conflicts and violence. The ambiguous feelings developed by the children from the relationship with the father were also described, such as shame, fear, stress, anguish, but, in the adult phase, there was the resignification of the coexistence in the care with the father through the identification of the feelings of tolerance and respect. Conclusion: it was identified that the psychosocial rehabilitation of the children enabled the resignification of the relationship with the father. It was pointed out the importance of health professionals to establish strategies to care for alcoholics and their children, who are caregivers and experience situations of codependence and emotional suffering in the relationship with the alcoholic family member.(AU)

Objetivo: aprehender, en la memoria de los niños en la historia de vida, el sentido y el significado de la vida familiar con padres alcohólicos. Método: se trata de un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, exploratorio, con énfasis en la Historia de Vida Oral, realizado con cinco hijos de padres alcohólicos mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas. Los datos se analizaron mediante Análisis de Contenido. Resultados: se notó que la enfermedad es concomitante, de los padres por el uso abusivo del alcohol y de los hijos que conviven con él y vivieron situaciones de conflicto y violencia. También se describieron los sentimientos ambiguos desarrollados por los hijos a partir de la relación con el padre, como vergüenza, miedo, estrés, angustia, pero, en la edad adulta, se dio un nuevo sentido de convivencia en el cuidado del padre al identificar sentimientos de tolerancia y respeto. Conclusión: se identificó que la rehabilitación psicosocial de los niños permitió redefinir la relación con el padre. Se señala la importancia de que los profesionales de la salud establezcan estrategias de atención para los alcohólicos y sus hijos, quienes son cuidadores y viven situaciones de codependencia y sufrimiento emocional en la relación con el familiar alcohólico.(AU)

Cynical Hostility and Loneliness in Older Adult Married Couples: An Indirect Effect Through Friendships.

OBJECTIVES: Cynical hostility is a cognitive schema according to which people cannot be trusted, and it has associations with individuals' loneliness. The present study takes a dyadic approach to examine whether cynical hostility is related to one's own and their spouse's loneliness. We further explore whether friendship factors serve as a mediator between individuals' and spouses' cynical hostility and loneliness. METHOD: We used 2 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (N = 1,065 couples) and Actor-Partner Interdependence Models (APIMs) with mediation to examine the proposed model. Mediation was tested with the construction of path models and significance levels were reached using bootstrapping. RESULTS: For both husbands and wives, cynical hostility was significantly associated with loneliness. Husband's loneliness was also significantly associated with his wife's cynical hostility, but wife's loneliness was not associated with her husband's cynical hostility. We further found that the association between wife's own cynical hostility and loneliness was mediated by lower levels of contact with, and support from friends. Friendship factors did not serve as mediators for husbands. DISCUSSION: Husbands and wives who have higher levels of cynical hostility may be more vulnerable to loneliness. High levels of cynical hostility in women may be related to deficits in their quantity and quality of friendship, and thus be associated with loneliness. Men who are married to women with a higher level of cynical hostility may experience increased loneliness, but this relationship is not explained by men's friendships.

Codependencia: una adicción o un patrón de relación inadecuado / Codependency: addiction or inadequate relationship pattern

La codependencia es un problema que afecta a cada vez más personas, siendo esta la que caracteriza frecuentes estados de insatisfacción y sufrimiento personal, donde la persona se encuentra enfocada en atender las necesidades de su pareja y/o de otras personas, sin tomar en cuenta las propias, a partir de una necesidad de que la conducta de otra persona se desarrolle desde las propias expectativas, al tiempo que se vive la imposibilidad de expresarlo de manera clara y asertiva en el día a día. Terapéuticamente esta problemática ha sido y sigue siendo motivo de consulta en contextos de rehabilitación y procesos de recuperación en adicciones, estando representada en la naturaleza de los vínculos que se establecen al interior de una familia o de una pareja. De ahí la importancia del abordaje terapéutico de la red de apoyo del adicto, ya que esta tiende a considerar la adicción como un asunto único de la persona en rehabilitación. Desde hace algo más de 20 años, este tema ha sido motivo de investigación de terapeutas, psicólogos, psiquiatras y consejeros, quienes han propiciado discusiones a la luz de establecer un concepto de codependencia y qué elementos de esta merecen la pena tener en cuenta al momento de establecer líneas o planes de tratamientos para las personas que sufren esta condición

Codependency is a problem that affects more and more people, being this the one that characterizes frequent states of dissatisfaction and personal suffering, where the person is focused on meeting the needs of their partner and / or other people, without taking into account their own, from a need for the behavior of another person to develop from their own expectations, while experiencing the impossibility of expressing it clearly and assertively on a day-to-day basis. Therapeutically, this problem has been and continues to be a reason for consultation in the context of rehabilitation and recovery processes in addictions, being represented in the nature of the bonds that are established within a family or a couple. Hence the importance of the therapeutic approach of the addict's support network, since it tends to consider addiction as a unique issue for the person in rehabilitation. For a little over 20 years, this topic has been the subject of research by therapists, psychologists, psychiatrists and counselors, who have fostered discussions in the light of establishing a concept of codependency and what elements of it are worth taking into account at the time of establish treatment lines or plans for people who suffer from this condition

Health personnel, family relationships and codependency of psychoactive substances: a phenomenological approach / Personal de salud, relaciones familiares y codependencia de sustancias psicoactivas: un enfoque fenomenológico / Pessoal de saúde, relações familiares e codependência de substâncias psicoativas: uma abordagem fenomenológica

ABSTRACT Objectives: to reflect on the daily life of family members dependent on psychoactive substances and the role of health professionals in Primary Care. Methods: a descriptive investigation outlined in Maffesoli's phenomenological approach, carried out at a Basic Health Unit in Minas Gerais with eight family members dependent on psychoactive substances. Sociodemographic characterization data and in-depth interviews were collected and analyzed with support of NVivo Pro11® software. All ethical and legal aspects were met. Results: physicians were the professionals most mentioned in participants' statements, who took on a dubious role with other health professionals: welcoming (positive perceptions about care received) and neglect (negative perceptions). Final Considerations: dependence on psychoactive substances imposes a burden on persons, their family members and health professionals. The role of establishing good relationships in the triad professionals-users-family members of primary care is inseparable in favor of treatment and preservation of their mental health.

RESUMEN Objetivos: reflexionar sobre el día a día de los familiares dependientes de sustancias psicoactivas y el papel de los profesionales sanitarios en Atención Primaria. Métodos: investigación descriptiva perfilada en el abordaje fenomenológico de Maffesoli, realizada en una Unidad Básica de Salud en Minas Gerais con ocho familiares dependientes de sustancias psicoactivas. Se recolectaron datos de caracterización sociodemográfica y entrevistas en profundidad, que fueron analizadas con el apoyo del software NVivo Pro11®. Se cumplieron los aspectos éticos y legales. Resultados: el profesional más mencionado en el discurso de los participantes fue el médico, quien asumió un rol dudoso con el resto de profesionales de la salud: acogida (percepciones positivas sobre la asistencia recibida) y desatención (percepciones negativas). Consideraciones Finales: la dependencia de sustancias psicoactivas supone una carga para la persona, sus familiares y los profesionales sanitarios. El papel del establecimiento de buenas relaciones en la tríada profesionales-usuarios-familiares de Atención Primaria es inseparable a favor del tratamiento y preservación de la salud mental de los implicados.

RESUMO Objetivos: refletir sobre o cotidiano dos familiares codependentes de substâncias psicoativas e o papel dos profissionais de saúde na Atenção Básica. Métodos: investigação descritiva delineada na abordagem fenomenológica de Maffesoli, realizada em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde mineira com oito familiares codependentes de substâncias psicoativas. Foram coletados dados de caracterização sociodemográfica e entrevistas em profundidade, que foram analisadas com apoio do software NVivo Pro11®. Atenderam-se os aspectos ético-legais. Resultados: o profissional mais mencionado no discurso das participantes foi o médico, que assumiu uma dubiedade de papéis junto aos demais profissionais de saúde: de acolhimento (percepções positivas sobre a assistência recebida) e de descaso (percepções negativas). Considerações Finais: a dependência de substâncias psicoativas acarreta ônus à pessoa, aos seus familiares e aos profissionais de saúde. É indissociável o papel do estabelecimento de boas relações na tríade profissionais-usuários-familiares da Atenção Básica em prol do tratamento e preservação da saúde mental dos envolvidos.

Modelo conductual-contextual de las relaciones íntimas: aplicabilidad en psicoterapia / Behavioral-contextual model of intimate relationships: applicability in psychotherapy

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Intimate relationships matter for both human's physical and psychological health. Although many theories have been developed to study this topic, there is no consensus about the underlying processes in human relationships. The Interpersonal Process Model, which has well-established empirical support, aims to address the development of intimate relationships describing them as observed behaviors. This has important implications in psychotherapy, especially for those approaches that understand the interpersonal patient-therapist relationship as a tool for change. That is the case of Functional Analytic Psychotherapy. In this paper we articulate a model of intimate relationships based on Interpersonal Process Model and the principles of Functional Behavioral Analysis, connecting it with previous results on the field of intimate relationships. Likewise, a discussion about its implications in psychotherapy and its utility to solve some Functional Analytic Psychotherapy's limitations is presented